Introduction: Liver is divided into eight functionally independent segments according to the Couinaud classification. These segments maintain their independent vascular inflow, outflow, and biliary drainage. Caudate lobe (segment I of liver) enables independent segments resection for transplantation. The main goal of liver transplantation is to achieve a graft with adequate volume, portal and arterial inflow, and efficient biliary drainage. Before doing liver transplantation, one should be well-versed with its vascular supply. At present, the right lobe is becoming popular for liver transplantation, whereas caudate lobe is also a substantial choice. This research is an attempt to study the blood supply of caudate lobe to highlight its role in transplantation. Materials and methods: Microdissection of 50 caudate lobes was studied for morphometrical and arteriovenous analysis using piecemeal dissection in the Department of Anatomy, North Delhi Municipal Cooperation Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital, New Delhi and Army College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Results: On morphological analysis, the caudate lobe was found to be variable in shape, having notches and processes. Out of the 50 livers, 72% of cases represented deep notches up to 3–5 mm, and papillary process was seen only in 42% of cases. On piecemeal dissection, we observed that caudate lobe receives its blood supply mainly from left branch whereas caudate process is from right branch of portal vein (PV). The caudate lobe drains independently through hepatic vein to inferior vena cava (IVC). Hepatic vein was present on dorsal surface of caudate lobe; hence, it can be called a dorsal hepatic vein. However, there is no irregularity noticed in arteriobiliary pattern. Conclusion: The vascular supply indicates that caudate lobe is an independent lobe and can also be used in transplant for pediatric cases and in adults with lower liver disease score and in combination with left lobe of liver.

Aims and background: Breastfeeding is vital for the health of both infants and mothers, yet breastfeeding rates remain low in rural areas of developing countries such as India. In rural Uttar Pradesh, sociocultural barriers and a lack of knowledge hinder optimal breastfeeding practices. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based educational intervention in promoting breastfeeding awareness among adolescent girls in this region. Materials and methods: This pre–post intervention study was conducted among adolescent girls from 7th to 12th grade at a government girls’ school in rural Uttar Pradesh. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure representative participation across different classes. A pretested, self-structured questionnaire assessed baseline knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding breastfeeding. An interactive teaching session served as the intervention. Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions were measured using a posttest with the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 23), with paired t-tests to compare pre- and posttest scores. Results: The mean pretest score was 6.05 [standard deviation (SD) = 2.01], which significantly increased to 11.26 (SD = 1.46) postintervention (p < 0.001). The effect size (Cohen's d) was 2.1, indicating a very large impact. Positive attitudes toward breastfeeding increased from 87.1 to 98.4%, and future breastfeeding intentions rose from 79 to 96.8%. The majority of participants (68%) were initially unaware of breastfeeding week, and family was the most common source of breastfeeding knowledge. Conclusion: The school-based educational intervention significantly improved breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes among adolescent girls in rural Uttar Pradesh. This suggests that such interventions can effectively address knowledge gaps and misconceptions, providing a supportive environment for future breastfeeding practices. Clinical significance: Educational interventions in schools can play a crucial role in promoting breastfeeding awareness and positive attitudes among future mothers in rural areas. Implementing similar programs could enhance breastfeeding practices, thereby improving maternal and child health outcomes in resource-limited settings.

Sports field emergencies pose significant challenges, demanding rapid and effective responses to ensure athlete safety. Simulation-based training offers a promising approach to enhance emergency preparedness. This comprehensive review explores the benefits of high-fidelity simulation in sports emergencies, highlighting how it replicates realistic scenarios, provides stress inoculation, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, and facilitates skill refinement. However, the successful implementation of simulation in sports emergencies faces several challenges, including cost limitations, scheduling constraints, integration into training curricula, addressing psychological impact, and ensuring scenario realism. This article discusses potential solutions to overcome these hurdles, emphasizing resource-sharing, flexible scheduling, partnerships, debriefing sessions, psychological support, and collaboration among stakeholders. The integration of high-fidelity simulation into sports safety protocols is essential for reducing the occurrence and severity of sports field emergencies, ultimately contributing to improved athlete outcomes and care. By addressing these challenges, organizations can harness the full potential of simulation-based training, enhancing emergency response readiness on the sports field.

Many interventional procedures are performed on the femoral arteries in the region of the femoral triangle. They give branches that form collateral circulation through various anastomoses. In the present study, a case of variation in femoral arteries has been reported. The deep femoral artery (DFA) originated as one of the bifurcations of the common femoral artery (CFA) just below the inguinal ligament on both sides. The origin, position, and branches of the femoral arteries were studied along with a relevant review of the literature and its applied aspect has been discussed.